tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56739110745864602782024-03-18T08:46:14.855+05:45Medical Question and Answers | Ask EpomedicineAsk academic questions related to MBBS, MD/MS, USMLE, PLAB, MRCP, MRCS, MECEE PG, PGMEE, NEET and share well referenced answers.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger71125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-41886147295197169142023-10-09T09:00:00.000+05:452023-10-09T09:00:48.966+05:45Why plasma urea concentration rises in Dehydration and Pre-renal AKI?Asked by BertrandBoth the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the inner medullary collecting duct are relatively permeable to urea, whereas the thin descending and thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle, the distal tubule, and early parts of the collecting system are relatively impermeable to urea. The reabsorption of water along the nephron thus leads to a rise in the tubular urea Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-361115138540143452023-08-08T08:12:00.008+05:452023-08-08T08:12:46.280+05:45What is heart dominance?Asked by Muzzler Heart dominance refers to whether an individual heart receives most of its blood from either the right or left coronary arteries.To determine whether the individual is right or left dominant the pertinent question is: Where does the posterior interventricular artery come from?Most individuals are right dominant, in which case the posterior interventricular artery arises fromUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-12137463819076960912023-07-30T15:36:00.001+05:452023-07-30T15:36:06.146+05:45What is the difference between kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty?Asked by MM Two different percutaneous minimally invasive vertebral augmentation methods for cement application into the vertebral body for the management of symptomatic compression fractures without neurological impairment have been developed, namely vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty.Pain reduction with the use of these percutaneous vertebral augmentation techniques has been attributed to the Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-3981726400674616352023-07-25T17:42:00.003+05:452023-07-25T17:42:45.583+05:45Why verapamil is contraindicated in severe heart failure?Asked by Sera Verapamil is a non-DHP CCB which inhibits the entry of calcium ions into the slow L-type calcium channels in:a. Myocardium: Negative chronotropic and inotropic effectb. Coronary vascular smooth muscle: Coronary vasodilation and improved myocardial oxygen delivery In patients with normal or mildly impaired left ventricular function, verapamil's vasodilator and negative Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-84827458853128623372023-07-25T08:31:00.000+05:452023-07-25T08:31:10.637+05:45Explain how the blood flows to the brain?Asked by Anonymous The topics on Circle of Willis and the blood supply of brain has been covered in Epomedicine. You can refer to the following links for learning:1. Circle of Willis - Mnemonic and Drawing | Epomedicine2. Circle of Willis and Forebrain Blood Supply | EpomedicineAnterior circulation (ICA branches):1. Anterior choroidal: Hippocampus, Globus pallidus, Lower internal Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-62315863262179860672023-05-25T23:32:00.002+05:452023-05-25T23:32:25.725+05:45What is Flynn criteria for Nonunion lateral humerus condyle?Asked by Samar Flynn criteria for nonunion - if the fracture has not united by 12 weeksFlynn criteria for pre-requisites of surgical management in nonunion lateral humerus condyle:1. A large metaphyseal fragment 2. Displacement of <1 cm from joint surface 3. An open viable lateral condyle physisUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-9423868624448764962023-02-11T08:09:00.003+05:452023-02-11T08:09:28.389+05:45What are the muscles of facial expressions?Asked by Anonymous Source: OpenStack, CC BY-SA 4.0Smiling and laughing: Zygomaticus majorSadness: Levator labii superioris and levator angularisGrief: Depressor anguli orisAnger: Dilator naris and Depressor septiFrowning: Corrugator supercilli and procerusHorror, terror and fright: PlatysmaSurprise: FrontalisDoubt: MentalisGrinning: RisoriusContempt: Zygomaticus minorClosing the mouth: Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-88041730651937776372023-02-11T08:00:00.000+05:452023-02-11T08:00:19.088+05:45What are different schedules of drugs as per the D and C act?Asked by Anonymous As per the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945, India -Schedule-C-C1: Biological and special productsList of Schedule-C-C1 drugsSchedule-D: Class of drugs and Extent and conditions of exemptionList of Schedule-D drugsUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-29476973375930071732023-01-07T08:52:00.004+05:452023-01-07T08:52:35.892+05:45When to stop antihypertensive before surgery?Asked by Anonymous Antihypertensive medications (including clonidine) must be continued to the day of surgery other than diuretics, ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers. These must be with-held the day before the surgery.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-52336720185036419982023-01-07T08:48:00.005+05:452023-01-07T08:48:52.303+05:45What are the types of fever?Asked by Anonymous Fever can be classified based on:1. Duration:AcuteSubacuteChronic2. Height of fever:Mild/low gradeModerate gradeHigh gradeHyperpyrexia3. Pattern of fever:ContinuousRemittentIntermittentPeriodicRecurrentFurther reading: Fever : Definition, Mechanism and Types | EpomedicineUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-90136353646316601842022-11-25T11:32:00.006+05:452022-11-25T11:32:29.328+05:45How is dermatosis graded?Asked by Anonymous Dermatosis is defined as a disorder involving lesions or eruptions of the skin that are acute (lasting days to weeks) or chronic (lasting months to years).Grades of dermatosis in Severe Acute Malnutrition:Grade 1: is characterized by dry skin, hyperpigmentation, and accentuation of the lines of the skin. Mild shedding of fine grey scales is observed in few areas.Grade 2: Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-56631913558831636832022-11-07T16:40:00.000+05:452022-11-07T16:40:46.236+05:45What is the importance of Ligament of Bigelow?Asked by Anonymous Iliofemoral ligament (Y ligament or ligament of Bigelow):Stem of Y: attached to Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) Arms of Y: attached to upper and lower part of inter-trochanteric lineThe iliofemoral ligament reinforces the anterior aspect of the capsule. The ligament limits extension of the hip joint.Abduction during reduction maneuvers of femoral neck fracture (Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-18277049833626447992022-11-07T15:39:00.004+05:452022-11-07T15:39:20.351+05:45What are the methods of hip joint aspiration?Asked by Anonymous There are 3 different approaches to hip arthrocentesis:1. Lateral approach: Insert the needle at a 45-degree angle with the surface of the thigh just inferior and anterior to the greater trochanter. Advance the needle medially and proximally close to the bone for 5 to 10 cm, depending on the size of the patient, and into the joint.2. Anterior approach: Palpate the femoral Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-33638308632221284532022-11-05T14:45:00.005+05:452022-11-05T14:45:32.092+05:45What is corona mortis?Asked by Swash Corona mortis (crown of death or circle of death) is the vascular anastomosis between the obturator artery (branch of internal iliac system) and the inferior epigastric artery or external iliac artery (external iliac system). These vessels in the retropubic area are hard to distinguish and can be injured in groin or pubic surgery, leading to massive uncontrolled bleeding. An Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-774029488211350502022-11-05T12:57:00.002+05:452022-11-05T12:57:32.382+05:45How does McCormack load sharing classification determine level of spine fixation?Asked by Anonymous McCormack load sharing classification takes into account, 3 different factors: AppositionComminutionDeformity correctionScore1point2 points3 pointsComminution/Sagittal collapse30%30-60%>60%Apposition of fragments1 mm2 mm> 2 mmDeformity (kyphosis) correction</= 3 degrees4-9 degrees>/= 10 degreesTotal3 points6 points9 pointsSource: McCormack T, Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-85610970258201633472022-11-04T21:29:00.004+05:452022-11-04T21:29:22.699+05:45How to prepare a journal club?Asked by Anonymous After selection of appropriate article, journal club template consists of following headings: Slide 1: IntroductionSlide 2: About Author and JournalSlide 3: HypothesisSlide 4: Evidence baseSlide 5: Study designSlide 6: Analysis of the methodologySlide 7: ResultsSlide 8: Discussion and InterpretationSlide 9: Clinical contextFurther reading: How to present a Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-88188854846410579572022-11-04T19:43:00.001+05:452022-11-04T19:43:06.607+05:45What is Superior Shoulder Suspensory Complex (SSSC)?Asked by Anonymous Superior Shoulder Suspensory Complex (SSSC) is a bony soft tissue ring at the end of a superior (middle 1/3 clavicle) and an inferior (scapular body/glenoid neck junction) bony strut. It is composed of:Glenoid processCoracoid processCoraco-clavicular (CC) ligamentDistal clavicleAcromio-clavicular joint (ACJ)Acromion processPasapula C, Mandalia V, Aslam N. The floating Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-78337658211433601702022-11-04T14:50:00.004+05:452022-11-04T14:50:43.708+05:45What is the difference between PFNA and PFNA-2?Asked by ramadi PFNA (Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotaion) system was designed according to the geometric proportions of the White population, and it is known that important differences exist between Asians and Americans with regard to femoral geometry. PFNA-II is a specified proximal femoral nail for the treatment of Asian patients. The following adaptations were made to better fit to Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-51033818633692104132022-11-04T07:44:00.003+05:452022-11-04T07:45:05.953+05:45What are the differences between diclofenac and aceclofenac?Asked by Alcest In 1991, aceclofenac was developed as an analog of a commonly prescribed NSAID, Diclofenac, via chemical modification in effort to improve the gastrointestinal tolerability of the drug. All the nine studies included in this review indicate that aceclofenac is as effective diclofenac or even more effective than the latter. These studies performed also showed that Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-92143682931208551192022-11-02T21:28:00.005+05:452022-11-02T21:37:36.169+05:45What is the mechanism of Pivot shift test in PLRI?Asked by Tom PLRI or Posterolateral rotatory instability is caused by the incompetence of LUCL (Lateral ulnar collateral ligament). LUCL attaches on lateral epicondyle on humerus and supinator crest on ulna. It is the primary varus restraint throughout the elbow range of motion.Lateral pivot shift test (O'Driscoll) reproduces instability with combination of supination, axial loading and Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-26033415459670841372022-11-02T18:33:00.009+05:452022-11-02T18:33:55.470+05:45What controls limb patterning?Asked by Trilok Limb buds appear in the 4th week of gestation. Further limb development depends upon interplay of genes and factors. Bold letters used below can be used for mnemonic purpose. For grasping this concept, you need to visualize the limb in anatomic position:a. Postero-anterior (PA) i.e. radio-ulnar development: ZPA (Zone of Polarizing Activity)Expresses: SHH (Sonic Hedge Hog) Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-9009781666273436712022-11-02T12:37:00.003+05:452022-11-02T12:37:50.628+05:45What is the difference between Raynaud Disease and Raynaud Phenomenon?Asked by Tuncali In general, vasospastic disease with a known underlying cause is termed the Raynaud phenomenon. When no underlying cause is present, the clinical condition is known as Raynaud disease. The classical triphasic color change is seen in both. Raynaud disease tend to occur in premenopausal women while the phenomenon is more common in age >40 years without female Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-39921608466367644202022-11-02T12:29:00.005+05:452022-11-02T12:29:45.834+05:45What are the flaps used for lower extremity wound coverage?Asked by Green DP a. Thigh Local muscle flapb. Proximal 1/3 leg Medial: Medial gastrocnemius rotational flap (supplied by medial branch of sural artery)Lateral: Lateral gastrocnemius rotational flap (supplied by lateral branch of sural artery)c. Middle 1/3 leg Soleus flap (supplied by perforating branches of psoterior tibial and peroneal arteries) d. Distal 1/3 leg Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-71216963698965243762022-11-02T10:36:00.002+05:452022-11-02T10:36:19.634+05:45Can steroids be used for sore throat?Asked by Anonymous Corticosteroids inhibit transcription of proinflammatory mediators in human airway endothelial cells which cause pharyngeal inflammation and ultimately symptoms of pain. Corticosteroids are beneficial in other upper respiratory tract infections such as acute sinusitis, croup, and infectious mononucleosis. Corticosteroids would offer similar symptomatic relief from sore Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5673911074586460278.post-78704750462065245132022-10-31T21:23:00.005+05:452022-10-31T21:23:36.525+05:45What is the mechanism behind Thomas test?Asked by Terry Fixed flexion deformity of hip is compensated by pelvic extension resulting from increased lumbar lordosis. The combined effect allows patient to walk with feet touching the ground in conjunction with knee flexion. When we flex the normal hip, the deformity in pelvis gets corrected first resulting in simultaneous correction of the compensatory lumbar lordosis.As the pelvis is Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0